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SBMC Newsletter
From Sewerage Business Management Centre
<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/>
Vol.2 No.3
28-Oct-04
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Thank you for your registeration.
This is the Seventh Issue of SBMC Newsletter provided by Sewerage
Business Management Centre quarterly.
SBMC Newsletter covers Japan's ODA information in the field of
sewage works and current situation of sewage works in Japan. 
If you wish to subscribe or unsubscribe or were subscribed in error,
please refer to the instruction below on how to register or unsubscribe.
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The contents of this issue are as follows.
1. EXPERIENCE OF KITAKYUSHU CITY IN OVERCOMING POLLUTION
   Mr. Masaru Yamaguchi
   KITA, Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association
2. THIRD FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
   Five Major Goals and 32 Items for Technology Development Were
   Established
3. REPORT FROM PARTICIPANTS IN 2004 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING III
   Mr. Senatin Gilbert Vergara
   from Philippines
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1. EXPERIENCE OF KITAKYUSHU CITY IN OVERCOMING POLLUTION
   Mr. Masaru Yamaguchi
   KITA, Kitakyushu International Techno-cooperative Association
Kitakyushu City has been developed as a heavy and chemical industrial
zone specializing in such fields as iron and steel, chemicals, and
ceramic industries.  However, the sudden economic growth and
urbanization since the 1960's has caused air, water and other
pollution.  To cope with these problems, Kitakyushu City set up the
regulations and program necessary for environmental conservation,
including pollution prevention.
In this issue, Mr. Masaru Yamaguchi, Course Leader of JICA Training
Course in "Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technique" managed by KITA,
reports the experience of Kitakyushu City in overcoming pollution. 
This newsletter has been sent to ex-participants of "Domestic
Wastewater Treatment Technique" from Vol.2 No.1 issue, April 2004.  
For details and to see the illustrated version of this report,
please visit following web page.
<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/20041018/Kitakyushu_City_vol2_vol3.htm>
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1-1 History of Environmental Pollution Control
Kitakyushu City is located on the northern tip of Kyushu, one of
four main islands in Japan, and on midway between Tokyo and
Shanghai.  The population of the City is about one million and
twenty thousand, and the city has been one of the four major
industrial zones that advanced Japan's economic development.
Kitakyushu started its industrial development with the iron and
steel industry with rich coal deposits in the surrounding areas
and being the hub of sea and land transportation.  In 1901, the
government-run Yawata Steel Works was established, and the area
soon became one of Japan’s four major industrial zones.
Kitakyushu has supported Japan's modernization as a leading
industrial zone specializing in iron and steel, chemical, ceramic,
and electrical industries since the early 20th century.  Economic
growth, industrial progress and population increase also resulted
in pollution problems, and Kitakyushu was no exception.
Dokai Bay, located in northern Kitakyushu and surrounded by
factories, was polluted with untreated domestic and industrial
wastewater that contained harmful substances.  Fish and shellfish
completely disappeared by 1960 and the bay became known as the
"Sea of Death".  In 1966 the dissolved oxygen in Dokai Bay was
recorded at 0 mg/l, and COD, Chemical Oxygen Demand was 36 mg/l.
However, owing to continued efforts by citizens, local businesses,
universities, and governmental organizations, the environment
was improved significantly.
Dokai Bay, the "Sea of Death", experienced an impressive improvement
in water quality as a result of restrictions on industrial wastewater,
development of sewerage systems, and sludge dredging jointly carried
out by businesses and government.  More than 100 species of marine
life have been confirmed to return to Dokai Bay.
Also, Murasaki River, communed by citizens as a symbol of Kitakyushu
City, used to be very polluted.  Nowadays, ayu(sweetfish) and white
gobies go up the river, and fireflies fly in an upriver district. 
A significant reason for this is that wastewater that once directly
discharged into Murasaki River has now been purified by constructed
and well-managed sewerage systems.  Thus, the sewerage systems have
played a significant role of keeping river and sea water clean and
preserving natural environment.
Based on these experiences in overcoming pollution, Kitakyushu city
has been conducting international environmental cooperation with
accumulated experience and technology.
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1-2 International Cooperation on Pollution Control
In order to share the industrial and environmental technology of
Kitakyushu with foreign countries, KITA, Kitakyushu International
Techno-cooperative Association, was established in 1980 with funds
from the Kitakyushu City government and local businesses. 
Since then KITA has been engaged in technical cooperation activities
including a major focus on environmental problems for developing
countries.  KITA, a legitimate operating institution for training,
designs curriculums, publishes textbooks, and coordinates training
courses based on requests from JICA and the City of Kitakyushu.
KITA manages following 5 JICA training courses on the environment.
  Industrial Pollution Control Engineering Course     from 1986
  Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technique Course    from 1988
  Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technique Course      from 1990
  Air Pollution Source Monitoring Practice Course     from 1990
  Waste Management Practice Course                    from 1990
As for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technique Course started from
1990, the total number of participants is 121 from 40 countries in 2003.
Kitakyushu, as one of Japan's four major industrial zones,
contributed to the nation’s industrial development and once suffered
from serious environmental pollution problems.  However, the citizens,
corporations, research institutions, and the local government worked
together to solve the problem.  As a result, blue skies and beautiful
water environment was recovered.
In overcoming environmental pollution, we have accumulated numerous
experiences and technology.  The experience of Kitakyushu is the
experience of Japan though the severity of pollution and its situation
is different in each municipality, and we have a responsibility to
share these experiences with the international society.  We would
like to play an important role in international environmental
cooperation and build partnerships between us, protecting our
beautiful environment for people, the earth, and the next generation.
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2. THIRD FIVE YEAR PLAN FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
   Five Major Goals and 32 Items for Technology Development Were
   Established
Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, MLIT, revised the
second five-year plan for sewerage system technology development
and launched the third five-year plan in May 2004.
A five-year plan for sewerage system technology development was
first made in 1994 and it was revised in 2000.  In the new
five-year plan, which was formulated in 2004, main technology
development items of the former five-year plan were reviewed,
and the contents and promotion measures for new technology
development were illustrated.
In the new five-year plan, main goals which future technologies
for sewerage systems should accomplish, formulated into five
categories as follows based on the technology development
strategy in Technology Basic Plan of MLIT.
 I.   Safety and Secure Life
 II.  Fine and Sustainable National Land Development
 III. Comfortable and Low Public Charge Life
 IV.  Enhancement of International Contribution and Accomplishment
      of Dynamic Society
 V.   The Society that Everyone can Realize the Participation of
      Citizens to the Project
For these main goals, 32 items of technology development were set
up and contents, targets, and necessity of new technology
development in the next five years were explained for each item. 
The concept of five major goals (categories) and the 32 technology
development items are shown in following web page.
<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/20041018/five_year_plan2.htm>
In new plan, following 6 new items were newly set up.
 (1)  Planning measures for flood control from the viewpoint of
      watershed management
 (6)  Introduction of economical measures on elimination of
      pollutant load
 (8)  Establishment of consolidated database for water environment
 (17) Optimization technique for organic waste in the society
 (19) Upgrading technologies of sewerage systems correspond to
      the change of urban structure
 (25) Technologies to reduce life cycle cost of sewerage systems
(Note) The above number indicates the item number for technology
       development in the table "Outline of the Third Five-year
       Plan for Sewerage System Technology Development".
In this plan, the contents of technology development which are
conducted by central government are detailed specifically to
clarify the role of central government.  These indicated
researches and technology developments in new plan are mainly
conducted by MLIT National Institute for Land and Infrastructure
Management, Incorporated Administrative Agency Public Works
Research Institute, and Japan Sewage Works Agency. 
For participation of private company, new joint research
measures, financial support for researches and technology
developments which are conducted by private companies,
establishment of database for newly developed technologies
by private companies, etc. are also proposed.
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3. REPORT FROM PARTICIPANTS IN 2004 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING III
   Mr. Senatin Gilbert Vergara
   from Philippines
JICA Training Course, "2004 Sewage Works Engineering III", which
is managed by SBMC in close cooperation with MLIT and JS, Japan
Sewage Works Agency, started on September 6.  The number of
participants in this course is 12 from 12 countries, and the course
continues to November 27. 
On Oct. 4 and 5, Country Report was conducted, and each participant
made a presentation about present status of each country's water
environment and sewage works.  In this issue, one of 2004 participants,
Mr. Senatin Gilbert Vergara from Philippines, makes a report.
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The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,107, covers a total area of
300,000 sq km with a coastline of approximately 34,600 km.  Based
on the 2000 census, the Philippines had a total population of 76.5
million.
Of the 132 rivers in the Philippines, about 37 rivers have been
classified as polluted in varying degrees mainly from domestic
sewage, municipal solid and industrial wastes.  Of these, 70 to
80 percent of water pollution is attributed to domestic sewage
and 20 to 30 percent to industrial wastes.
Water supply and sewerage services in Metro Manila and its
contiguous areas comprising 13 cities and 24 municipalities with
an estimated total population in excess of 13 million used to be
provided by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS). 
In 1997, MWSS signed a 25-year concession contracts with two private
consortia (Manila Water Company and Maynilad Water Services, Inc.)
which now provide water supply and sewerage services for Metro
Manila.
The Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), on the other hand, is
responsible for the promotion and provision of water supply and
sewerage services outside Metro Manila.  Other areas not covered
by LWUA are served by systems owned and operated by either the
local government units or private companies.
Outside Metro Manila, there are only three large sewerage systems
operating in the Philippines.  They are located in Baguio City and
Vigan City in Luzon, and in Zamboanga City in Mindanao.  There
are likewise other sewerage systems in the Philippines, but none
of them were as large compared to the three systems previously
mentioned, and very few are still operational.  Some of these can
be found in Bacolod City and Cebu City in the Visayas, in Davao
City in Mindanao and in Cauayan, Isabela in Luzon.
One example is the Baguio City Sewerage System.  Baguio City, the
highest city in the Philippines in terms of elevation and one of
the most popular tourist destinations in Luzon.  It has a population
of more than 250,000.  The Baguio City Sewerage System was
constructed by the Americans in the late 1920s, and the original
system did not have a treatment facility.  In 1987, the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) provided a grant to finance
the construction of a sewage treatment plant and rehabilitation of
the sewer network.  The design and construction was supervised by
LWUA and the Baguio City Water District.
In March 2004, the President of the Philippines signed the Philippine
Clean Water Act of 2004 as part of the national celebration of World
Water Day.  This Act is a very important piece of legislation that
would pursue all issues affecting the state of the country’s water
quality. 
One salient provision of the law is the designation of water quality
management areas using appropriate physiographic units such as
watershed, river basins or water resources regions, which will be
implemented by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) as the lead implementing agency in collaboration with the
National Water Resources Board (NWRB).  An Area Water Quality
Management Fund will be created for the maintenance and upkeep
of water bodies in water quality management areas.
The Act likewise provides for the implementation of a National
Sewerage and Septage Management Program which will be spearheaded
by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), through its
attached agencies, in coordination with the local government
units (LGUs).
The Department of Health (DOH), in coordination with various
government agencies, will formulate the guidelines and standards
for the collection, treatment and disposal of sewage including
guidelines for the establishment and operation of a centralized
sewage treatment system.
Further, the Act calls for the implementation of an effective
wastewater charge system in all management areas and encourages
industries to adopt cleaner technologies to reduce the pollutants
they generate.
It is highly expected that this Act will finally provide a
comprehensive water management program to protect the country’s
water bodies from land-based sources such as industries, mining,
agricultural operations as well as community or households activities.
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We appreciate your comments or opinion on SBMC Homepage and this
newsletter.  Especially, if you would send us a report about current
status of water environment, sewerage works, etc. in your country,
it should be grateful.
The address of SBMC Homepage is http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/,
and please send an e-mail to www@sbmc.or.jp with your comments.
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