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SBMC Newsletter
From Sewerage Business Management Centre
http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/
Vol.2 No.4
January 27, 2005
This is the Eighth Issue of SBMC Newsletter provided by Sewerage
Business Management Centre quarterly.
SBMC Newsletter covers Japan's ODA information in the field of
sewage works and current situation of sewage works in Japan.
If you wish to subscribe or unsubscribe or were subscribed in
error, please refer to the instruction below on how to register
or unsubscribe.
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The contents of this issue are as follows.
1. JAPAN SEWAGE WORKS AGENCY
Its Role and Activity
2. REUSE OF TREATED WASTEWATER
Valuable water resource in urban area
3. REPORT FROM PARTICIPANTS IN 2004 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING
III
Mr.Daoudi Mohammed Amine   
from Morocco
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1. JAPAN SEWAGE WORKS AGENCY
Its Role and Activity
JS, Japan Sewage Works Agency, was established in 1972, as "Sewage
Works Center" initially, with the sponsorship of the related
ministries, prefectures and large municipalities. After 30 years
from its establishment, on Oct. 1, 2003, JS turned into "Public
Corporation Joint Managed by Local Governments".
This is a new form of joint local governmental agency and a part
of the administrative reform that the Government began in the
late 1990s (Please refer to SBMC Newsletter Vol.1 No.3).
After one year from organizational change, it is expected that JS
will play more important role for local government.
Primary tasks of JS, as support organization for local government,
are planning, design and construction of sewerage facilities,
technical supports, training of local government staffs, and
research and technology development, and these tasks are
performed based on the request from the local government.
Since JS holds large number of qualitative engineers to pursue
these activities, JS is a trustworthy public organization for
prefectures and municipalities, which promote sewage works.
Especially for small municipalities of which population is
relatively small, sewered population rate is rather low.
These small public bodies hardly execute the sewage works because
of the insufficiency of their technical expert. However, by the
entrustment to JS, small municipalities can initiate the sewerage
project even when they have no engineering personnel.
Main activities of JS are as follows
(1) Planning, design and construction of key sewerage systems
such as wastewater treatment plants, pumping stations and
trunk sewers
(2) Technical advice of operation and maintenance of wastewater
treatment plants for municipalities
(3) Research and technology development on sewerage systems
(4) Training of local government staffs involved in the sewerage
service
For more information about Japan Sewage Works Agency, please
visit following web page.
http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050127/Role_&_
Activity2.htm
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2. Reuse of treated wastewater
Valuable water resource in urban area
Treated wastewater is a valuable water resource in urban area,
and its amount will increase with the progress of sewered
population rate. Treated wastewater was not so much reused
directly in the past. However, the same water quality as drinking
water is not always needed for reuse of treated wastewater such
as flushing toilet. Then, treated wastewater will be more reused
in future. Especially, in urban area where population is so
concentrated and it is very difficult to secure water resources,
reuse of treated wastewater is one of the effective
countermeasures for shortage.
The total amount of treated wastewater from 1,718 Wastewater
Treatment Plants in Japan in 2001 was about 13billion m3 per
year. In more than half of total WTPs, treated wastewater is
reused in each WTPs as antifoaming water in aeration tanks,
washing water, etc. In 2001, in 218 WTPs the treated wastewater
is transported to the outside of WTPs and reused as industrial
water, water for landscape use and so on, and its amount was
approximately 190million m3 per year.
The treated wastewater is reused mainly in the following way.
1) Flush Toilets (miscellaneous water systems, reclaimed
wastewater reuse system): 3% of total reused wastewater
After the wastewater is biologically treated, treated water is
further purified by reclamation facilities which consists of,
chemical coagulation ozonation, sand filtration, chlorination,
etc. and transported to office buildings, houses, etc.
Distributed treated wastewater is reused for flush toilets.
In these office buildings and/or houses, the distribution pipes
for treated wastewater is strictly separated from drinking water
pipes. For instance, these pipes are easily distinguished by
indication or color, and cautionary statement of using reclaimed
water is displayed near the facility.
2) Water reuse for environment
(1) Water for landscape use: 15% of total reused wastewater
The treated wastewater is poured into the stream or pond in
order that people could enjoy the waterside landscape. In
this case, the treated wastewater is reused on the premise
that people will not touch the treated water.
(2) Water for recreational use: 4% of total reused wastewater
Highly treated water is poured into stream on the premise
that people could touch the water. In this case, it is very
important to enhance the safety of water from a hygienic
point of view as people would touch the water.
(3) Discharge for flow maintenance: 42% of total reused wastewater
A certain amount of water flow should be maintained to keep
the regular function of river from the point of view of water
quality protection, prevention of damage from salt water,
landscape, sightseeing, etc. even in dry season.
Usually, the water in the upstream of the river is taken for
water supply and distributed to houses. After supply water is
used in each house, wastewater is directly transported through
sewer pipes to Wastewater Treatment Plant located downstream of
the river.
For this reason, amount of water flow in the river from the
intake of the water to the outlet of WTP is remarkably
reduced, and treated wastewater is sometimes utilized as
discharge for flow maintenance.
3) Snow melting water: 17% of total reused wastewater
Lying snow on the ground affects the urban activities by narrowing
the urban space, and the removal of lying snow on the roads is a
major concern for municipalities in northern part of Japan in
winter.
Treated wastewater, which is at 13 degrees C. is a effective heat
source to melt snow in snow-flowing conduits or snow-melting tank
and ditches where collected lying snow is transported.
4) Others
(1) Sprinkling water for zones planted with trees, washing water
for roads and/or construction site: 0.3% of total reused
wastewater
(2) Agricultural water: 7% of total reused wastewater
(3) Supply to industrial water works: 2% of total reused
wastewater
(4) Direct supply to business institution and factories: 10% of
total reused wastewater
For these reuse of treated wastewater, Design Manual for Treated
Wastewater Utilization was formulated, and water quality for
reused wastewater was established. However, recently people are
more concerned with water safety because of health hazard by
Cryptosporidium, etc.
Then, in 2003, Special Committee for Water Quality for Reused
Wastewater was established by Ministry of Land Infrastructure
and Transport to investigate the technical standard for reclaimed
water, and water quality for reused wastewater is now being
reviewed and will be revised in FY 2004.
For details and to see the illustrated version of this topic,
please go to the following web page.
http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050127/Reuse_of_Treated_
Wastewater2.htm
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3. REPORT FROM PARTICIPANTS IN 2004 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING
III
Mr.DAOUDI Mohammed Amine
from Morocco
JICA Training Course, "2004 Sewage Works Engineering III"
organized by SBMC in close cooperation with MLIT, Ministry of
Land Infrastructure and Transport, and JS, Japan Sewage Works
Agency, was successfully completed on Nov. 26, 2004 with
"Course Evaluation" and "Closing Ceremony"
Besides "Sewage Works Engineering III" Course, there are following
training courses relating to sewage works, which which are
implemented by JICA, and these courses have been also successfully
completed.
"Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Facilities II" Course
managed by Sapporo city
"Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Works" managed by Tokyo
Metropolitan Government
"Stormwater Drainage Technology with Sewerage System II" Course
managed by Osaka City
Area-focused training course
"Domestic Wastewater Management for central America" managed by
Higashi-Hiroshima City
"Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technique"
managed by Kitakyusyu International Techno-Cooperative
Association
From this issue, SBMC Newsletter is also provided to the
participants in these 2004 JICA Training Courses, and the outline
of these country's water environment condition will be reported
in the Newsletter.
In this issue, Mr.DAOUDI Mohammed Amine, the participant in "2004
Sewage Works Engineering III" Course from Morocco, reports
"Current Situation of Sewage Works and Water Environment in
Morocco"
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The kingdom of Morocco which counts about 33million inhabitants
is bounded on the North by the Mediterranean Sea, on the East
and Southeast by Algeria, on the South by Mauritania and on the
West by the Atlantic Ocean. The area of Morocco is 710,850km2,
and Morocco has the broadest plains and the highest mountains in
North Africa.
Morocco has many rivers, which are used for irrigation and
generating electric power. The country is affected by the
Mediterranean climate, and water resources have two origins:
RAINFALLS, 29billion m3 of rains dispersed in run-off waters
(20billion m3) and infiltrated waters feeding the ground waters
(9billion m3).
GROUNDWATER, divided into 32 deep aquifer and more than 48
shallow aquifers providing (4billion m3) of exploitable water;
The annual hydraulic potential is estimated at 20billion m3;
16billion m3 constituted by surface waters distributed in
9basins, and 4billion m3 of subterranean waters;
Unfortunately, the quality of all these resources (surface and
underground waters) has undergone a considerable degradation
during the last decades due to the different sources of
pollution (domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewaters
etc.). This fact has a very heavy impact on the quality of
the entire environment and sanitary conditions of life.
The volume of wastewaters increased from 48 million m3 in 1960
to 546 million m3 in 1999 and almost 58% of wastewater is
discharged annually in the sea or the rivers with no prior
treatment processing
Aware of those problems, the central government launched in the
urban centers many sanitary projects to preserve water resources
by collecting wastewater with generally combined sewer systems
and creating purification stations dispatched across the country.
Major cities are already entirely equipped with sewer network,
and nowadays, 71 wastewater treatment plants are established all
across the country using different treatment processing. But only
31 plants are functioning, the others are out of order due to
technical or financial reasons.
In Casablanca Metropolis and some other biggest cities, water
supply and sewerage facilities are delegated to contracted
private companies. In other cities, water supply and treatment
is the responsibility of State-owned Companies, but sewerage
network construction and maintenance are the responsibility
of the municipalities. In small urban or rural centers, the
water supply is guaranteed by the National Office of Drinking
Water.
About 56% of the population lives in urban area, and 80% of them
are connected to the community sewers network. Most of others are
using individual septic tanks or reject their influent directly
to the nature.
The National Strategy for the protection of Environment aims to
lay down the following orientations of the National Policy of
Environment adopted within the framework of the National Council
of Environment in 1995:
The protection of the water resources;
The reduction of wastes and the improvement of their
management;
The improvement of air quality and the reduction of air
pollution;
The protection and the safeguarding of grounds and littorals.
At the same time, Several National and regional institutions
charged on the control and the making use of water quality were
established, and we are promoting the countermeasures for
improving water environmentbased on above mentioned strategy
using as fundamental guiding principles
to:
REPAIR the damage and degradations undergone by environment,
CORRECT practices and tendencies of the unrestrained development,
EQUIP  the country of means and measurements to implement this
policy,
PLAN  and build on the basis of a total system of integrated
prevention, as well on the levels of the design,
planning, and as of the implementation of the programs
of socio-economic development.
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We appreciate your comments or opinion on SBMC Homepage and this
newsletter. Especially, if you would send us a report about
current status of water environment, sewerage works, etc. in
your country, it should be grateful.
The address of SBMC Homepage is
<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/>, and please send an e-mail to
www@sbmc.or.jp with your comments.
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