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	SBMC Newsletter
	From Sewerage Business Management Center
	<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/>
	Vol.3 No.3
	26-Oct-05
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	This is the Eleventh Issue of SBMC Newsletter provided by
	Sewerage Business Management Centre quarterly.
	SBMC Newsletter covers Japan's ODA information in the field of
	sewage works and current situation of sewage works in Japan.
	If you wish to subscribe or unsubscribe or were subscribed in error,
	please refer to the instruction below on how to register or unsubscribe.
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	The contents of this issue are as follows.
	1.	JICA NEW TRAINING PROGRAM STARTS FROM 2005
		Sewage Works Engineering and Stormwater Drainage Technology
	2.	CURRENT SITUATION OF SEWAGE WORKS IN JAPAN
		Major Objectives of Sewerage Systems and New Tasks for Future
	3.	REPORT FROM PARTICIPANT IN 2005 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING AND
		STORMWATER DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY JICA TRAINING PROGRAM
				Mr. Gitahi Charles Ndirangu
				From KENYA
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	1. JICA NEW TRAINING PROGRAM STARTS FROM 2005
		Sewage Works Engineering and Stormwater Drainage Technology
	Under the Japanese Government's ODA program, Japan International
	Cooperation Agency (JICA) has implemented several technical
	cooperation activities, and among them, training program for
	overseas participants is one of JICA’s fundamental technical
	cooperation activities for developing countries.
	In the field of sewage works, JICA has entrusted the management
	of "Sewage Works Engineering" Training Course to SBMC, Sewage
	Business Management Center since 1999.  The Training Institutions
	of this course, besides SBMC, are Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
	and Transport (MLIT) and Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS), and SBMC
	has been managing the course in close cooperation with MLIT and JS.
	In addition to Sewage Works Engineering Course, there are several
	training courses relating sewage works, which are implemented by
	JICA.  They are
	(1)	Stormwater Draining Technology by Osaka City
	(2)	Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Facilities by Sapporo City
	(3)	Domestic Wastewater Management by Higashihiroshima City
	(4)	Domestic Wastewater Treatment Technique by Kitakyusyu City
	(5)	Operation and Maintenance of Sewerage Works by Tokyo Metropolitan
		Government
	In 2004, it was decided that Sewage Works Engineering Course managed
	by SBMC and above-mentioned Stormwater Draining Technology managed
	by Osaka City were merged into new JICA Training Course, "Sewage
	Works Engineering and Stormwater Drainage Technology" from 2005,
	as the principal roles of sewerage system are Wastewater Collection
	and Treatment, Water Quality Preservation, Improvement of Living
	Condition, and Stormwater Drainage.
	The Training Institutions of newly integrated training course are
	MLIT, JS, SBMC, Osaka City, and Osaka City Sewerage Engineering
	Association.  The new course started from September 5th in JICA TIC,
	and the number of participants in this year is 14 from 11 countries.
	The Objectives of "Sewage Works Engineering and Stormwater Drainage
	Technology" Training Program are as follows,
	(1)		to acquire a basic knowledge of sewerage, sewage purification,
			and stormwater drainage,
	(2)		to understand the process and methods for planning and
			designing of sewers, pumping stations, and sewage and
			sludge treatment facilities,
	(3)		to understand basic factors and planning methods
			regarding stormwater drainage,
	(4)		to obtain knowledge and information on water
			environmental protection measures besides sewerage
			system, and
	(5)		to consider the proper way to protect water environment
			and promote sewage works and stormwater drainage
			systems in each country by deepening the understanding
			of sewerage system management as well as the acquired
			knowledge regarding the above mentioned items.
	In addition to obtaining knowledge and technology in the field of
	"Sewage Works Engineering and Stormwater Drainage Technology",
	participants are expected to try to find the solution of the
	problems which were clarified and defined by each participant and
	investigate the proper way to promote the sewage works and/or
	stormwater drainage systems for improvement of the water environment
	in his/her country based on the information and knowledge obtained
	in the training course.
	To solve the water environmental problems in each country, Japanese
	expert as a tutor gives an advice and discusses with participants
	in this program.  At the end of the course, each participant
	writes a case study report and makes a presentation about the
	result of the consideration.  The closing ceremony in this year's
	program is scheduled on December 9th.
	SBMC Web Page regarding JICA Training Program has been revised
	based on the integration of the course.
	Please visit following newly revised Web Pages.
	(1)	Preface; http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/jica_1.html
	(2)	Course Object; http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/jica_2.html
	(3)	History; http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/jica_3.html
	(4)	Curricuram; http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/jica_4.html
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	2. CURRENT SITUATION OF SEWAGE WORKS IN JAPAN
		Major Objectives of Sewerage Systems and New Tasks for Future
	2-1 Current Situation of Sewage Works in Japan
	In Japan, the quality of public water bodies was seriously polluted
	by concentration of population in urban areas and high growth of
	the economy after World War II.  To cope with this situation, sewage
	works has been promoted intensively and systemically based on
	"Five-Year Program for the Sewerage Construction" and recently
	"Infrastructure Intensive Development Plan"
	Through these programs, the sewered population rate has become 68%
	in FY. 2004.   As the progress of sewage works, we have been
	gradually able to accomplish the major objectives of sewerage system
	such as flood control, improvement of living condition, and
	preservation of water quality.
	The percentage of sewered population in Japan is shown in following Web Page.
	http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/051026/Total_Population　and_Sewered_Population.htm
	However, there is still regional gap of sewered population rate
	However, there is still regional gap of sewered population rate
	or towns of which population is low.
	Besides it, rehabilitation and reconstruction of sewerage systems
	has been becoming other important issue to be solved.  Also, we
	are facing new tasks for futures, upgrading of sewerage systems
	such as advanced wastewater treatment, recycle of treated water
	and sludge, reducing the risk in water bodies, and so on.
	2-2 Major Objectives of Sewerage Systems and New Tasks for Future
	There are mainly three principle objectives of sewerage systems.
	(1)	Improvement of Surrounding Environment
		Immediate Removal of Wastewater is the most fundamental role
		of Sewerage Systems.  If the wastewater generated by human
		activities is not removed and remains near residential area,
		Public Hygiene will not be well maintained and the living
		condition will become worse.  By promotion of sewerage systems,
		wastewater is removed immediately, and surrounding environment
		is greatly improved.
	(2)	Prevention of Flooding
		Drainage of rainwater in urban area and prevention of flooding
		is one of important roles of sewerage systems. In recent year,
		especially with the advancement of urbanization, rainwater
		permeable area has decreased by increasing of roads area,
		construction of buildings and houses, etc. As a result, stormwater
		runoff amount has increased, resulting in increased occurrence
		of flooding. Coping with this kind of flooding in urban area
		has become one of urgent issues to be solved in Japan.
	(3)	Preservation of Water Quality in Public Water Bodies
		In 1950's and 60's, deterioration of water environment has been
		markedly progressed by discharge of untreated industrial and
		domestic wastewater to public water bodies.  In 1970, the
		Sewerage Law was amended and the preservation of water quality
		in public water bodies was clearly defined as the role of
		sewerage systems in the law.  After that, the water quality
		has been greatly improved by intensive and systematical promotion
		of sewage works based on the law.
	In addition to principle objectives of sewerage systems, there are
	following new tasks for future coming along with the promotion of
	sewage works
	(1)	Prompt Spreading of Sewerage Systems especially in rural areas
	(2)	Promotion of Advanced Wastewater Treatment
		Please refer to http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050726/Advanced_Wastewater Treatment_For_Better.htm
	(3)	Reduction and Reuse of Sewerage Sludge
		Please refer to http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050427/Reuse_of Sewage_Sludge.htm
	(4)	Reuse of Treated Wastewater
		Please refer to http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050127/Reuse_of_ Treated_Wastewater2.htm
	(5)	Stormwater Control Measures especially in urban areas
	(6)	CSO (Combined Sewer Overflow) Control
	(7)	Effective Use and Efficient Management of Existing Sewerage Systems
		such as effective use of upper space of covered WTP, optical fiber
		communication cable channels installed in the upper part of sewer
		pipes, etc.
	(8)	Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Sewerage Facilities
	(9)	Controlling and Reducing the Risk in Water Bodies by monitoring
		of chemical substances, risk evaluation, elimination of high risk
		substances, etc
	To see the illustrated version of this topic, please visit following web
		http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/051026/Majo Objectives_of Sewerage_Systems.htm
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	3. REPORT FROM PARTICIPANT IN 2005 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING AND
		STORMWATER DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY JICA TRAINING PROGRAM
		Mr. Gitahi Charles Ndirangu
		From KENYA
	The republic of Kenya is located in East Africa and bordered by
	Uganda to the west, Ethiopia and Sudan to the North, Tanzania to
	the South and Somalia and Indian Ocean to the East.
	Kenya covers an area of about 587,000km2 of which 83% of this land
	is classified as semi-arid area in respect to rainfall availability
	(low potential) whereas the rest (17%) is classified as medium to
	high potential area.  In these medium and high potential areas,
	there are two rain seasons in a year while the other areas have
	half hazard or intermittent rainfalls.
	Kenya with a population of 33 million faces enormous challenge of
	providing water and sewerage services to the increasing population.
	Most of the population lives in rural areas (24 million), and 9
	million live in urban areas.  Access to safe water is estimated at
	68% in urban areas and 49% in rural areas.  In sharp contrast,
	the urban sewerage coverage is 28% while the rural coverage is 2.4%.
	Majority of the treatment facilities are lagoons. Those without
	convectional sewerage mostly use septic tanks or pit latrines.
	The main providers of water and sewerage are Ministry of water and
	irrigation and local authorities.
	Presently, the sewerage services cover 14% of the 215 urban centers
	i.e. 30 no. against 185.  The standards of operation of these sewerage
	facilities are low, and many of them experience operation and maintenance
	problems.  There is lack of clear delineation of regulatory responsibility
	with extensive role conflicts mainly due to lack of effective and
	autonomous water and sewerage institutions.
	Luckily, due to good topography, combined sewerage is rarely used in
	Kenya.  The storm water usually gravitates to the nearby streams or
	rivers through constructed structures (culverts, pipes, lined canals
	/ditches, roads etc) or flow naturally downstream.
	Over the thirty years there has been inadequate funding for rehabilitation,
	upgrading and expansion of water supply and sewerage facilities.
	In recognition of this, the Government has initiated a process of reforms
	for the national policy on separating water resources management and
	development from water services delivery this is also in attempt to meet
	the Millennium Development Goals (2015).
	The main thrust of the reform is to separate water resources management
	and development from water services delivery focusing the Ministry's
	role on policy leaving the detailed regulation to a number of parastatal
	bodies that report to boards, representing different stakeholders’
	interests. Provision of water and sewerage services is to be on
	commercial bases.  Institutions established to manage the water and
	sewerage sector include:
	(1)	Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA)
	(2)	Water Services Regulatory Board(WSRB)
	(3)	Water Service Boards(WSB)
	(4)	Water Services Providers(WSP)
	(5)	Water Services Trust Fund(WSTF)
	To increase the sewerage coverage, the government has planned the
	following measure:
	(i)	Rehabilitation, augmentation and expansion of existing urban
		sewerage collection, treatment and disposal
	(ii)	Construction of new urban sewage collection, treatment and
		disposal systems
	(iii)	Construction of appropriate on-site water borne sewage system
		in informal urban areas
	(iv)	Systematically increasing user connections to cover all
		potential areas.
	(v)	The construction and use of improved pit latrines shall be
		promoted in rural settlements that are not covered by piped
		water supply.
	With few investments projects being planned (and implemented) since
	2000 only limited implementation can be expected during 2005/6.
	To meet the MDGs a huge annual investment program has to be
	starting in 2005 a 10 year rehabilitation program has to be
	implemented in the years 2007 to 2015.  It is considered that
	sewerage infrastructure.
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	We appreciate your comments or opinion on SBMC Homepage and this
	newsletter.  Especially, if you would send us a report about current
	status of water environment, sewerage works, etc. in your country,
	it should be grateful.
	The address of SBMC Homepage is http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/,
	and please send an e-mail to  www@sbmc.or.jp with your comments.
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