**************************************************************
	SBMC Newsletter
	From Sewerage Business Management Center
	<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/>
	Vol.4 No.3
	November 9, 2006
	**************************************************************
	This is the 15th Issue of SBMC Newsletter provided
	by Sewerage Business Management Centre quarterly.
	SBMC Newsletter covers Japan's ODA information in
	the field of sewage works and current situation of
	sewage works in Japan.
	If you wish to subscribe or unsubscribe or were
	subscribed in error, please refer to the instruction
	below on how to register or unsubscribe.
	**************************************************************
	The contents of this issue are as follows.
	1.	EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
		Valuable Open Space in Urban Area and Infomation
		Network Using Optical Fiber
	2.	MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR(MBR) FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
		TREATMENT
		Mr. Hiroki ITOKAWA
		Research and Technology Development Department,
		Japan Sewage Works Agency
	3.	REPORT FROM PARTICIPANTS IN 2006 SEWAGE WORKS
		ENGINEERING AND STORMWATER DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY
		JICA TRAINING PROGRAM
		Mr. Milton Spencer Veras Neto
		from Brazil
	**************************************************************
	1. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEMS
		Valuable Open Space in Urban Area and
		Infomation Network Using Optical Fiber
	Sewerage Systems create a useful resourse such as
	treated wastewater, valuable water resource in urban
	area and sewage sludge, new biomass energy resource.
	Please refer to
	<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050127/Reuse_of_Treated _Wastewater2.htm>
	and
	<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/050427/Reuse_of_Sewage_ Sludge.htm>
	Also, upper space of covered Wastewater Treatment Plant
	and Pumping Station is valuable open space in
	overcrowded city, and the inside of  sewer pipe is now
	effectively used for Optical Fiber　Cable Installation.
	In this issue, effective utilization of upper space of
	WTP and Optical　Fiber Installation in Sewers are
	explained.
	1) Utilization of upper space of covered WTP
	As the population has excessively increased in urban
	area, effective land use, place of recreation and
	relaxation for citizens and formation of good urban
	landscape are required in the overcrowded area.
	In this situation, the upper space of covered WTP or
	pumping station is a valuable open space.
	Also, in urban area, urban heat island (UHI), a
	metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than
	its surroundings, has become a serious problem, and
	rooftop gardening of covered WTP would be a very
	effective measure for UHI.
	Given these situations, the upper space of covered
	WTP and Pumping Station has been used as parks
	surrounded by greenery, tennis court, baseball ground,
	etc.  Also, the upper space has been utilized recently
	for evacuation site in a time of disaster, and public
	hall or concert hall have been constructed on the
	covered WTP.
	In 2003, the total utilization area of covered WTP
	and Pumping Station is 2,610,000m2 .
	2) Installation of Optical Fibers in Sewers
	As the sewer pipes connect each house and office
	building, and more than 70 million people's houses
	are connected to the public sewer systems, inside
	of the pipe is very suitable space for installing
	fiber optical cable with high information carrying
	capacity. Advantages of installation of optical
	fibers in sewers are as follows.
	(1)	Easy network composition as each house is
		cponnected to sewer pipes
	(2)	No need for additional excavation
	(3)	Shortening work period and reduction of
		construction cost compared with newly
		construction of underground fiber optical cable
	(4)	no spoiliong of the site as the fiber is installed
		in the underground sewer pipes
	Fiber optical cable installed in sewer pipes is basecally
	used for remote monitoring and control of Pumping Stations
	and WTPs. In addition to that, recently it is used for
	industrial wastewater quality monitoring for temperature,
	pH, SS, flow rate, etc., and Internet and/or Cable TV
	managed by electronic communications companies.
	Total length of fiber optical cable in sewer pipes was
	1,671km in 2005, and 213km was installed by electronic
	communications companies.
	You can see the irustrrated version of this topic in
	following web page.
	http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/061030/Effective_Utilization_of_ Sewerage_Systems.html
	**************************************************************
	2. MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR(MBR) FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER
	TREATMENT
	Dr. Hiroki ITOKAWA
	Research and Technology Development Department,
	Japan Sewage Works Agency
	In Membrane Bioreactor System, final settling tanks are
	because solid liquid separation is performed by
	filtration through the MF/UF membranes, which are placed
	directly into the bioreactor. As filtrate is extracted
	by imposing a vacuum on the MF membranes, excellent
	treated wastewater quality can be obtained without any
	sand filtration, and MBR has more advantages.
	Please refer to
	<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/SBMC%20Newsletter%20 Vol1%20No2.htm>
	and
	<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/membrane%20bioreactor. htm>
	In this issue, Mr. Itokawa, Research Engineer working for
	Japan SewageWorks Agency, who stayed in Germany to make a
	research on MBR from August 2005 to July 2006 under the
	Engineer Exchange Program betweenthe Institute of
	Environmental Engineering at RWTH Aachen University
	(ISA) in Germany and Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS),
	repots MBR for Minicipal Wastewater Treatment.
	-------------------------------------------------
	Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a wastewater treatment system
	in which biologically treated wastewater is separated from
	biomass by means  of membrane separation with very small
	pore size (typically, 0.1 - 0.4μm). Thus secondary
	clarifier in conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes
	is replaced with membrane modules placed either internally
	(submerged in bioreactor) or externally (with circulation
	pump).
	The membrane separation ensures virtually complete retention
	of solid matters under high solid concentration condition in
	the bioreactor.
	The advantages of MBR over CAS processes include:
	(i)	improved effluent quality without solid matters
		including pathogenic bacteria,
	(ii)	smaller reactor volume due to higher biomass
		concentration,
	(iii)	smaller sludge production due to longer solids
		retention time (SRT), and
	(iv)	easy operation and maintenance since less attention
		is necessary on sludge condition (e.g. bulking).
	Although MBR is rather "expensive" process in terms of both
	construction and operating costs, it is getting more and
	more economically competitive, especially in cases where
	(i)	stringent effluent regulation is applied,
	(ii)	land area is not large enough, or
	(iii)	reuse of the effluent is required.
	MBR has been installed in full-scale municipal wastewater
	treatment plants (WWTPs) since late 90s, especially in
	Europe and North America. Since the first full-scale
	installation in 1998 at Porlock WWTP in UK with the
	capacity of 1,900 m3/d, the number of MBR plants has
	been increased year by year, especially after 2001.
	As of the end of 2005, 79 plants were operated with the
	total capacity of 300,000m3/d. In all the world, more
	than 2,000 full-scale MBRs, including small-scale on-site
	treatment facilities, are operated at the moment.
	Although the majority of the above mentioned installations
	are forrelatively small-scale municipal WWTPs (median
	capacity in Europe : 1,300m3/d), larger-scale installations
	are also the recent trend.
	More than 15 plants with the capacities of more than
	30,000m3/d are operated or under construction worldwide.
	In Japan, MBR installations in private sectors (e.g.
	industrial WWTPs, individual building WWTPs) and public
	nightsoil treatment plants preceded. As for municipal
	WWTPs, the first intensive pilot-plant study was carried
	out by Japan Sewage Works Agency (JS) in cooperation with
	private companies from 1998 to 2001, followed by preparation
	of standardized design recommendations in 2003.
	JS also conducted 2nd phase pilot-plant study with private
	companies from 2001 to 2004, aiming at reducing operating
	costs. Following these studies, the first full-scale
	municipal MBR plantwas commissioned in 2005. At the moment,
	three more plants are operated, and more than ten plants
	are under construction or planning.
	In addition, around 500 small-scale MBRs have been
	installed for on-site household wastewater treatment
	system (JOHKASOU system). The principal issue at the
	moment is larger-scale installations, and JS started
	3rd phase pilot-plant study for the subject.
	Thanks to a lot of pilot-scale studies and full-scale
	installations, a stable treatment performance of MBR has
	been realized by more and more engineers in the world.
	Further reduction of costs for construction, especially
	concerning membrane itself, and operation would be an
	important subject of research and development.
	Please visit following web page, irrustrated version of
	this topic.
	http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/061030/MBR_for_Municipal _Wastewater_Treatment.html
	**************************************************************
	3. REPORT FROM PARTICIPANTS IN 2006 SEWAGE WORKS ENGINEERING
	AND STORMWATER DRAINAGE TECHNOLOGY JICA TRAINING PROGRAM
		Mr. Milton Spencer Veras Neto
		from Brazil
	Brazil is located in South America, occupying an area of
	the 8,514,215.3Km2, almost one-half of the entire area
	of the continent. Most of the population live near the
	Atlantic Ocean, notably in the great cities of Sao Paulo
	and Rio de Janeiro. Climatic conditions in Brazil range
	from tropical to sub temperate. The population of
	Brazil is 169,590,693 (latest census count of 2000),
	giving the country an overall population density of about
	19.92 persons per km2.
	About 81% of Brazil's people live in urban areas. About
	80% of population lives within about 320 km of the Atlantic
	coast. Brazil is composed of 26 states and the federal
	district. Government's system is presidential republic,
	in which the president is directly elected by the
	population.
	Sao Paulo state is located southeastern of Brazil and
	it's capital is Sao Paulo city. The state of Sao Paulo has
	645 municipalities and 40.4 millions inhabitants and is
	Brazil's leader industrial  state. Manufactures produced
	steel, automobiles, aircraft, farm equipment, textiles,
	energy products, electronics, clothing, and food
	products in the city of Sao Paulo and the surrounding
	area.
	SABESP, Sao Paulo Sanitation Company, is subordinated
	to the Sao Paulo State Secretary of Energy and Water
	Resources. SABESP serves 368 municipalities and a
	population of 26 millions inhabitants of Sao Paulo State.
	Its main attributions are: to plan, build and operate
	services of water capitation, treatment and distribution,
	and sewage collection and treatment.
	From the total population of Brazil (169,590,693
	inhabitants), 161,789,521 inhabitants have water supply
	services and 85,304,119 inhabitants have sewers.
	In Sao Paulo State, in the municipalities served by SABESP,
	77% have wastewater collecting system, and 60% of the
	collected wastewater are treated. In Sao Paulo Metropolitan
	Region, the numbers are respectively 82% and 57%.
	The Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region sewage collection system
	is a "Separate System". SABESP is responsible for the
	wastewater system and the municipalities are responsible
	for the rainwater collection system.
	Most of the population (more than 90% of the collection
	sytem) in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region has their
	wastewater collected by an integrated system, that is
	composed by five (5) Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP),
	all of them using Conventional ActivatedSludge Treatment
	Process.
	At some of the areas situated far away from the main
	system, the solution was to collect and treat the
	wastewater as an isolated system, with specific small
	WWTPs. In the inland of the state, the main used process
	of wastewater treatment is lagoon system. At the seashore
	cities, due to the floating population, the batch activated
	sludge is the main utilized process.
	Now, in Brazil, the Law Project for National Policy of
	Basic Sanitation is being discussed, and the main directive
	principles are as follows.
	It is a government duty to promote the environmental
	health by promoting politics, actions and the implementation
	of necessary public services for the population.
	The public sanitation service is considered an essential
	good.
	The main destination of the water is for human consume
	and domestic use, and secondarily for economical activities
	and recreational activities.
	The guaranty of an adequate solution for the wastewater
	collection and treatment, seeking to prevent the
	contamination and pollution of the environment.
	**************************************************************
	We appreciate your comments or opinion on SBMC Homepage
	and this newsletter.  Especially, if you would send us a
	report about current status of water environment, sewerage
	works, etc. in your country, it should be grateful.
	The address of SBMC Homepage is
		<http://www.sbmc.or.jp/english/>,
	and please send an e-mail to
		www@sbmc.or.jp  with your comments
	-------------------------------------------------
	If you wish to subscribe, please send an e-mail to
	register@sbmc.or.jp
	with following items.
		Name, e-mail Address, Country, Organization, Title,
		Address, Participant Year of Sewage Works Engineering
		Course if you participated, Your Comment or Opinion
		if you have.
	If registered information is changed, please send an
	e-mail which change@sbmc.or.jp
	At this time, also please write following items that were
	not changed.
		Name, e-mail Address, Country, Organization, Title,
		Address, Your Comment or Opinion if you have.
	If you wish to unsubscribe, please send an e-mail to
	unsubscribe@sbmc.or.jp
	with following items.
		Name, e-mail Address, Country, Your Comment or Opinion
		if you have.
	**************************************************************